GENRE: Explainers

From the Western Expressway Highway if you turn left, you start to see mangroves beyond which lies the Mithi river. Go further towards the Kala Killa bus depot at Dharavi, and you will see a green fence beyond which lies an urban forest. This is the Maharashtra Nature Park that the Maharashtra Regional Development Authority (MMRDA) built with the support of the NGO World Wide Fund for Nature India, starting from 1983. Architect Shriya Bhatia cites this as an example of blue green infrastructure (BGI). Built on a former garbage dumping ground, the park houses indigenous plant varieties and an…

I remember the first time I set up my kitchen garden and finished sowing. The joy in the germination, of seeing something grow is the best. I would talk to my plants every day, water them lovingly, and carefully follow all the advice people gave me, to keep them healthy—adding compost, avoiding overwatering, and sticking to companion planting guidelines. But then they struck!!! PESTS. About a month in, I noticed tiny black insects covering the stems. I later learned they were aphids. Over the years of kitchen gardening, I’ve battled mealybugs, aphids, stem borers, fruit flies—you name it. Some seasons…

Nearly 72% of Bengaluru gets contaminated water. Depending on whether residents get their water from borewells, tankers or from the Cauvery River, the quality varies from one area to another. According to a 2018 survey, 24% of Bengaluru households receive water from both borewells and Cauvery, with a hardness level above the prescribed limit of 200 milligrams per litre (mg/l).  Another study found Total Dissolvable Solids (TDS) range crossing 1,000 parts per million (PPM) per litre in Bengaluru, when the acceptable range is a maximum of 300 PPM. TDS refers to the amount of organic and inorganic material dissolved in…

Although Mumbai has sufficient groundwater, experts opine that it is depleting at a fast rate due to rapid urbanisation and massive construction projects. There's also a lack of clear groundwater regulations and systematic records of private borewells and dug wells.  This guide provides a comprehensive overview of the rules, processes, and penalties associated with digging a borewell and extracting groundwater in Mumbai. Getting permission for groundwater extraction What are the rules for digging a borewell and extracting groundwater in Mumbai? In Mumbai, borewell digging and groundwater management are regulated under the Maharashtra Groundwater (Development and Management) Act 2009. According to…

Urban Heat Islands (UHI) are areas within cities that experience significantly higher temperatures than their rural counterparts due to human activities, concretisation, and lack of vegetation. Bengaluru, the fifth most populous metropolis (Census of India, 2011) and one of the rapidly growing cities in India, is no exception. In the last two decades, the city has seen a rapid rise in built-up area from 37.4% to 93.3%. The pressure of urbanisation has not only affected the natural and ecological resources but is also impacting the city’s livability because of rising temperature levels. Unlike sudden disaster events like landslides or floods,…

Groundwater is a vital resource in Chennai, especially given the city's water scarcity challenges. Of the 51 revenue blocks in Chennai where groundwater is extracted, 46 were overexploited in 2024, as reported by Citizen Matters. That's why strict rules are in place to ensure sustainable usage and to prevent over-extraction. Chennai is the first Indian city to have a comprehensive automatic groundwater monitoring system, introduced in 2021, with 200 groundwater monitoring devices and 20 rain gauges across 15 zones, to assess the groundwater level across the city. However, experts point out that not much is being done with this data.…

In its 2025-26 budget, the BMC declared that it would start levying water charges on unmetered properties. To this end they have already started a survey of properties to fix a rate for these water charges. But what does this mean for the people of Mumbai? Who will be affected by this? Here’s what you should know about the decision that the BMC has taken. What is an unmetered property? Any premises which does not have a meter to measure the consumption of water is called an unmetered property. Most unmetered properties are in Mumbai City (excluding the suburban districts).…

The dependency on the Cauvery River for water and the depleting groundwater levels, keep Bengaluru on the edge of a crisis every summer. As the city expands rapidly, it faces a significant challenge – how to manage groundwater sustainably, while meeting the growing demand. Borewells are a common solution for water needs, but strict regulations govern their digging and usage. Bengaluru is classified as a 'notified area', due to overextraction in many places, so borewell digging and extraction are strictly regulated.  However, poor implementation of rules by civic utility bodies undermines their effectiveness. So, how can a Bengalurean dig a…

உங்கள் வீட்டிற்கு வழங்கப்படும் தண்ணீர் விசித்திரமான வாசனையை வீசுகிறதா அல்லது உலோக சுவையை வெளிப்படுத்துகிறதா? சென்னையில் குடிநீர் மாசுபடுவது குறித்த கவலைகள் அதிகரித்து வரும் நிலையில், சென்னை மக்கள் தங்கள் குழாய்களில் இருந்து தரமான தண்ணீர் மட்டும்தான் வருகிறதா என்று கேள்வி எழுப்ப இது ஒரு இது சரியான நேரம். ஐஐடி-மெட்ராஸ் நடத்திய ஆய்வில், சென்னையில் உள்ள 75% வீடுகளில் உள்ள தண்ணீர் வயிற்றுப்போக்கு மற்றும் வாந்தியை ஏற்படுத்தும் பாக்டீரியாவான ஈ.கோலையால் (E. coli) மாசுபட்டுள்ளது தெரியவந்துள்ளது. மேலும், பக்கிங்ஹாம் கால்வாய், அடையாறு ஆறு மற்றும் செம்பரம்பாக்கம் ஏரி போன்ற முக்கிய நீர்நிலைகளில் ஃபாரெவர் கெமிக்கல்ஸ்  (forever chemicals or pre- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)) எனப்படும் தீங்கு விளைவிக்கும் இரசாயனங்கள் இருப்பதை ஐஐடி-மெட்ராஸின் மற்றொரு ஆய்வில் கண்டறிந்துள்ளது. அருகிலுள்ள நீர் சுத்திகரிப்பு நிலையத்திலிருந்து (WTP) எடுக்கப்பட்ட மாதிரிகளும் மாசுபட்டிருப்பது கண்டறியப்பட்டது.. இந்த PFAS என்பது கல்லீரல் பாதிப்பு, ஹார்மோன்…

If you ask those who grew up in Mumbai in the 80s what they associate with Vihar Lake, most likely they will say the Humpty Dumpty statue and the annual school picnic on the lake’s banks. Vihar and six other artificial lakes, built over the past two centuries, still meet the majority of Mumbai’s water demand.According to the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC), which undertakes the humongous task of water provision to the city, its water supply system is the largest in Asia. BMC distributes around 4,000 million litres of water per day (MLD) to over three million Mumbaikars. Yet, many…